vi
Contents
2.5.1.2
Electric Properties of Biological Systems .................................................. 54
2.5.1.3
Electric Field-Force Efect ............................................................................ 57
2.5.2
Biomagnetism ...................................................................................................................61
2.5.2.1
Magnetic-Related Phenomena......................................................................61
2.5.2.2
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.....................................................................64
2.5.2.3
Bioelectric-Generated Magnetism..............................................................66
2.5.2.4
Non-Invasive Electric and Magnetic Stimulations .................................. 67
2.5.3
Others................................................................................................................................69
2.5.4
New Instrumental Era .................................................................................................... 73
2.6
Research on Biological and Health Efects of Electromagnetic Fields................................... 75
2.6.1
Static Fields....................................................................................................................... 76
2.6.2
Extremely Low Frequency Fields .................................................................................. 79
2.6.3
Radiofrequency Fields .................................................................................................... 85
2.7
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 88
Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................... 89
References.................................................................................................................................................... 89
3 The Coupling of Atmospheric Electromagnetic Fields with
Biological Systems
Tsukasa Shigemitsu and Shoogo Ueno
3.1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................105
3.2
Atmospheric and Cosmic Environments ..................................................................................106
3.3
Natural Background Fields ..........................................................................................................108
3.3.1
Lightning ......................................................................................................................... 111
3.3.2
Electromagnetic Fields and Resonance....................................................................... 114
3.4
Natural Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Systems ......................................................... 116
3.4.1
Electromagnetic Fields and Humans .......................................................................... 116
3.4.2
Circadian Rhythm in Human and Vertebrates......................................................... 119
3.5
Atmospheric Electricity and Biological Systems......................................................................123
3.5.1
Static Electric Field in Humans and Others...............................................................123
3.5.2
Static Electric Field in Vertebrates and Invertebrates...............................................125
3.6
Detection of Electromagnetic Fields...........................................................................................129
3.6.1
Electroreception .............................................................................................................130
3.6.2
Magnetoreception ..........................................................................................................132
3.7
Discussion.......................................................................................................................................136
References...................................................................................................................................................138
4 Spin Control Related to Chemical Compass of Migratory
Birds
Hideyuki Okano, Tsukasa Shigemitsu, and Shoogo Ueno
4.1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................145
4.2
Historical Background Study of the Radical Pair Mechanism Models ................................146
4.2.1
Magnetic Field Efects on Chemical Reactions via Radical Pair Recombination .... 146
4.2.2
Magnetic Field Efects on Biological Systems via Radical Pair Recombination... 148
4.3
Magnetic Sense via Radical Pair Mechanism ...........................................................................155
4.4
Radical Pair-Based Magnetoreceptor and Cryptochrome...................................................... 161
4.4.1
Chemical Characteristics of Cryptochrome ..............................................................162
4.4.2
Magnetic Sense and Cryptochrome ............................................................................165
4.5
Discussion and Conclusions ........................................................................................................169
References...................................................................................................................................................177